Internet and Network Attacks

     Unprotected computers are prone to computer viruses. Computer viruses are a computer program that can replicate itself and spread from one computer to another. This will affect or infects the computer negatively. Viruses can increase their chances of spreading to other computers by infecting files on a network file system or a file system that is accessed by other computer. Viruses may harm a computer system's data or performance. Some viruses and other malware have symptoms noticeable to the computer user, but many are surreptitious or simply do nothing to call attention to them. Some viruses do nothing beyond reproducing themselves. Sometimes we are confused about Trojan horses and worm, we think that they are the same but they are technically different.  A worm can exploit security vulnerabilities to spread itself automatically to other computers through networks, while a Trojan horse is a program that appears harmless but hides malicious functions. A virus is really defined by its payload. Payload refers to a specific part of the virus, specifically, the part that is delivered to your computer. Just like a bomb delivers a payload of explosive material to a target, a virus delivers a payload of damaging code to your computer. A honey pot is a computer system on the Internet that is expressly set up to attract and trap people who attempt to penetrate other people's computer systems. A botnet is a collection of compromised computers connected to the Internet. When a computer is compromised by an attacker, there is often code within the malware that commands it to become part of a botnet. The "botmaster" or "bot herder" controls these compromised computers via standards based network protocols such as IRC and http.

                      

           Spoofing is the creation of TCP/IP packets using somebody else's IP address. Routers use the "destination IP" address in order to forward packets through the Internet, but ignore the "source IP" address. That address is only used by the destination machine when it responds back to the source. You can also spoof trough email,and this is called email spoofing. It is an activity in which the sender address and other parts of the email header are altered to appear as though the email originated from a different source.  Denial of service attacks is an assault whose purpose is o distrust computer access to n Internet service. Perpetrators carry out Dos attack in a different ways. They may use unsuspecting computer to send many confusing data messages to a computer network, if the victim jams, it blocks legitimate visitors from accessing the network. A backdoor is a program or set of instructions in a program that allow users to bypass security controls when accessing a program, computer or network.A firewall is a device or set of devices designed to permit or deny network transmissions based upon a set of rules and is frequently used to protect networks from unauthorized access while permitting legitimate communications to pass.

Sources:

 Burger, Ralph, 1991. Computer Viruses and Data Protection

Shelly,Gary B.,2007. Discovering computers

http://my.safaribooksonline.com/book/networking/intrusion-detection/0321304543/classification-according-to-payload/ch08lev1sec3

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_spoofing

Security Controls for Computer Systems, Technical Report R-609, WH Ware, ed, Feb 1970, RAND Corp.

Happiness is my Journey not my Destination

my hapiness, my way:)

           Your life will always be filled with challenges. It's best to admit this to yourself and decide to be happy anyway. One of my favorite quotes comes from Alfred D. Souza. He said, "For a long time it had seemed to me that life was about to begin—real life. But there was always some obstacle in the way, something to be gotten through first, some unfinished business, time still to be served, or a debt to be paid. Then life would begin. At last it dawned on me that these obstacles were my life".

        

  This perspective has helped me to see that there is no way to happiness. Happiness is the way. So, I treasure every moment that I have and I treasure it more because I shared it with someone special, special enough to spend my time. My friends are my special someone. Being with them makes me happy, aside from my family they are one reason why my life is complete.

       

   I want to live my life to the fullest, live as if there’s no tomorrow. Stop wasting time, stop waiting for something that is impossible. Do whatever that makes you happy. Don’t wait until you die and regret the things that you were not able to do. Don’t wait until you are born again to decide that there is no better time than right now to be happy... remember that time waits for no one.

And always remember, happiness is a journey, not a destination.

origin of the universe

          All over world are the countless scientific theories that attempt to describe how the universe began.

          The most popular theory on the origin of the universe is the Big Bang theory. It states that at a specific moment in time, some 10-20 million years ago, there was an immense explosion. The explosion sent the particles moving outwards, which then cooled, condensed, and formed the universe, and until this .point of time he universe is still expanding.

          Another theory that explains how the universe came into existence is the solar nebular hypothesis. The idea behind the Solar Nebular Hypothesis is that the solar system was condensed from an enormous cloud of hydrogen, helium, and a few other elements and rocks.   Around five billion years this cloud of materials began to spin and contract together into a disk shape under their own gravitational forces.   The particles started combined together, protoplanets, to eventually form planets.   A great mass of the material eventually began to form together, protosun, and make up the sun. The Solar Nebular Hypothesis makes sense that 
gravitational forces of elements can begin to pull each other in and start spinning in a circle and sense there is less gravity in space that maybe why the planets are still rotating around the sun, which is logically in the center sense it is the largest in mass, even today five billion years later.

          The other theory that tries to explain about the origin of the universe is dust-cloud theory.  According to their dust-cloud theory, the solar system was formed from a slowly rotating cloud of dust and gas that contracted and started to rotate faster in its outer parts, where eddies formed. These eddies were small near the center of the cloud and larger at greater distances from the center. The distances corresponded more or less to the Titius-Bode relation. As the clouds cooled, materials coagulated near the edges of the eddies and eventually formed planets and asteroids, all moving in the same direction. The slowly rotating central part of the cloud condensed and formed the sun, and the sun's central temperature rose as gravity further compressed the material. When nuclear reactions eventually began in the suns interior, about 5 billion years ago, much of the nearby gas was blown away by the pressure of the sun's emitted light. Nevertheless the earthy retained an atmosphere consisting of methane, ammonia, carbon monoxide, water vapor, and nitrogen, with perhaps some hydrogen. In this primitive atmosphere and in the seas below it, organic compounds were formed that eventually resulted in living organisms. The organisms evolved in the next 2 billion years into higher plants and animals, and photosynthesis by plants and the weathering of rock produced the oxygen in the earth's atmosphere.

          These are just some of the theories that try to explain how it began. Even though there are evidences presented to prove their ideas, a lot of questions are still not answered.

Planets on the Solar System

               A planet is a celestial body that revolves around a central star and does not shine by its own light.

            The only planetary system that is known to man is our solar system. It is made up of eight planets. The eight major planets in our solar system are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. There are also many other minor planets, which are also in our solar system, but they are unimportant compared to the eight major planets.Mercury, which is the planet that is closest to the sun, is the first and smallest of the inner planets. It is speculated that the heat from the sun made it impossible for the gases present to become part of the planetary formation. Venus is the second closest planet to the sun and is said to be the most closely resembles to Earth in size, density, and distance from the sun. Most scientists know Venus as the sister planet to the Earth. The only thing different is that Venus is shrouded in thick clouds that completely hide the surface of the planet. The surface temperature is also much warmer than that of Earth. Venus completes one revolution around the sun in 224.7 days. The atmosphere of Venus is made up of 98% carbon dioxide and 2% Nitrogen. This atmosphere also has the presence of helium, neon and argon.

                          Earth is the third planet from the sun, and the densest and fifth-largest of the eight planets in the Solar System. It is also the largest of the Solar System's four  terrestrial planet. It is sometimes referred to as the world, the Blue Planet The planet is home to millions of speceis, including humans. About 70.8% of the surface is covered by water, with much of the continental shelf below sea level. The submerged surface has mountainous features, including a globe-spanning mid oceanic ridge system, as well as undersea volcanoes,oceanic trenches submarinecanyons,oceanic plateaus and abssayl plains. The remaining 29.2% not covered by water consists of mountains, deserts, plains, plateaus, and other geomorphologies. And the only planet where life exist. Mars is the fourth furthest away from the sun and is recognized by its reddish color. Mars is also very much like the Earth. More than any other planet in the solar system, One thing that is very similar to Earth is the rotation period. Mars rotation period is only thirty-seven minutes longer than the Earth’s. This would explain why Mars has significant seasonal changes just as Earth does. Mars is extremely hard to understand due to the effect of blurring that is caused by the two atmospheres of Mars. It is also known that dust storms are prevalent and leaves the surface of Mars covered by a red haze.Jupiter is the fifth planet and is the most massive of all the planets in this solar system. Its mass represents more than two-thirds of the total mass of all the planets, or 318 times the mass of the Earth Jupiter is surrounded by rings of light which is very prominently visible to earth. The rings are what Jupiter is known for.Saturn is a planet which is also known for its rings and when viewed has a yellow or greyish color. The atmosphere is mostly a clear hydrogen- helium atmosphere. There are also traces of methane, phosphine, ethane, and acetylene. The next planet is Uranus. The atmosphere is made up of mostly methane gas and therefore the planet has a red tint or a bluefish green color. Uranus also has rings but unlike Saturn these rings have almost no small particles.Neptune is the last of the gaseous planets in our solar system. Its atmosphere is much like Uranus’s because it is mostly helium and hydrogen. It also contains methane. Neptune also has rings like its other gaseous partners, but they are very faint.

Essentials of Coral Reefs and Mangroves

          Coral Reefs are one of the world’s most beautiful habitats. They are often called the “rainforests of the ocean,” because they support a diversity of life. They are massive underwater structures formed by the limestone skeletons of tiny invertebrate animals. These beautiful underwater structures are the largest and most diverse biological structures on earth. Coral are very important in controlling how much carbon dioxide is in the ocean water. The earlier pages have told that how the coral polyp turns carbon dioxide in the water would rise dramatically and that would affect all living things on Earth.

          Aside from that coral reefs are also uses as medicine. A product produced by the coral called hydroxyapatite, can act as a bone graft to facilitate the regrowth of bone. Studies shows that coral calcium, extracted from coral reefs can cure Cancer, Diabetes, Arthritis, Heart Disease, Osteoporosis, Eczema, Alzheimer's Disease, Fibromyalgia, High Cholesterol, Muscle Cramps, Kidney Stones, Gallstones, Gout, Indigestion, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Lupus, Hiatal Hernia, Hypertension, Headaches and many more

          Coral reefs are some of the most useful resources on the planet. We count on them for many things and they will play a major role in the future of mankind. The same that is happening to rain forests is happening to coral reefs: Depletion. It must be stopped or else future generations will never see these “rainforests of the ocean”.

          Mangrove forests are among the most productive terrestrial eco systems and play a significant role in the environment. Mangrove ecosystem act as a Buffer Zone between the land and sea. Mangroves are also a source of a vast range of wood and non-wood forest products including timber, fuelwood, charcoal, fodder, honey, pulp, tannin, medicine and thatch. It also purifies the water by absorbing impurities and harmful heavy metals and helps us to breathe a clean air by absorbing pollutants in the air. Experts also now say that if the mangroves had not been cut down there would have been many less causalities during tsunami.

The Wandering Rocks

Rocks are made up of backbones of hills and mountains, It also the foundation of plains and valley. beneath the soil you walk, on he deep layer of soft mud that cover the ocean basin is a basement of hard rocks.. Rocks are often made up of the solidification of rock, debris and the chemical or physical modification of heat and pressure. Rocks are also composed of minerals that form into crystal like structures. There are 3 types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.  Igneous rocks form when magma solidifies. If the magma is brought to the surface by a volcanic eruption, it may solidify into an extrusive igneous rock. Magma may also solidify very slowly beneath the surface. The resulting intrusive igneous rock may be exposed later after uplift and erosion remove the overlying rock. The igneous rock, being out of equilibrium, may then undergo weathering and erosion, and the debris produced is transported and deposited as sediment. If the unconsolidated sediment becomes cemented, it becomes a sedimentary rock. As the rock is buried the additional layers of sediment and sedimentary rock, heat and pressure increase. Tectonic forces may also increase the temperature and pressure. If the temperature and pressure become high enough, usually at depths greater than several kilometers below the surface, the original sedimentary rock is no longer in equilibrium and recrystallizes. The new rock that forms is called a metamorphic rock. If the temperature gets very high the rock melts and becomes magma again, completing the cycle. However rocks are not expected to go through each step. To understand well, look at this image:

We use rocks for roads, metals, jewelry, tombstones, building materials, cosmetics, and many, many more things. Most of the famous sculptures of the world are made from blocks of stones such as granite and marble. Did you know that the Great Wall of China and the Taj Mahal are made out of rocks?  If we did not have rocks, this earth would be pretty empty. Who wants an empty earth? Not me

The Wandering Rocks

Rocks are made up of backbones of hills and mountains, It also the foundation of plains and valley. beneath the soil you walk, on he deep layer of soft mud that cover the ocean basin is a basement of hard rocks.. Rocks are often made up of the solidification of rock, debris and the chemical or physical modification of heat and pressure. Rocks are also composed of minerals that form into crystal like structures. There are 3 types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.  Igneous rocks form when magma solidifies. If the magma is brought to the surface by a volcanic eruption, it may solidify into an extrusive igneous rock. Magma may also solidify very slowly beneath the surface. The resulting intrusive igneous rock may be exposed later after uplift and erosion remove the overlying rock. The igneous rock, being out of equilibrium, may then undergo weathering and erosion, and the debris produced is transported and deposited as sediment. If the unconsolidated sediment becomes cemented, it becomes a sedimentary rock. As the rock is buried the additional layers of sediment and sedimentary rock, heat and pressure increase. Tectonic forces may also increase the temperature and pressure. If the temperature and pressure become high enough, usually at depths greater than several kilometers below the surface, the original sedimentary rock is no longer in equilibrium and recrystallizes. The new rock that forms is called a metamorphic rock. If the temperature gets very high the rock melts and becomes magma again, completing the cycle. However rocks are not expected to go through each step. To understand well, look at this image:

We use rocks for roads, metals, jewelry, tombstones, building materials, cosmetics, and many, many more things. Most of the famous sculptures of the world are made from blocks of stones such as granite and marble. Did you know that the Great Wall of China and the Taj Mahal are made out of rocks?  If we did not have rocks, this earth would be pretty empty. Who wants an empty earth? Not me